Introduction of Gantry Girder | Load on Gantry Girder | Types of Load on Gantry Girder

Introduction of Gantry Girder

The gantry girders are girders which supports the loads that are transmitted through the travelling wheels of the crane.

The crane girder spans from column to column, this usually do not have any lateral support at the intermediate points excepting when a walkway is formed at the top of the girder.

Overhead traveling cranes are used in industrial buildings to lift and transport heavy jobs, machines, and so on, from one place to another.

The crane may be a manually (hand) operated overhead traveling crane (M.O.T.) or an electrically operated overhead traveling crane (E.O.T.).

A typical arrangement of a crane system is shown below. Usually, the crane consists of a bridge made up of two truss girders.

 

The bridge is termed a crane bridge, crane girder, or crab girder. It spans the bay of the shop and moves in a longitudinal direction.

To facilitate movement, wheels are attached to the ends of crane girders. These wheels move over rails placed centrally over the girders which are called gantry or crane gantry girders.

These girders are designed as laterally unsupported beams until the compression flange is laterally supported by either a catwalk or by an additional member. Show below fig. the front view and top view of the typical arrangement of a crane girder, gantry girder, and column in a workshop.

Fig. 2 Typical Arrangement of Gantry Girder and Crane Girder  

A trolley (crab) with wheels and a suspended hook is placed over the crane bridge and this arrangement can move in the transverse direction.

However, it should be noted that the two movements of the crane, the longitudinal and the transverse cannot be had simultaneously. Bolted clamps or hook bolts are, used to keep the rails in position.

Fig 3. Gantry Girder Concocted With Bolted Clamp

Fig 4. Gantry Girder Concocted With Hook bolt

The gantry girders, because of the necessary clearances, must be placed a distance away from the face of columns. A direct connection with the column, therefore, is impossible.

Because of lateral loads, however, some types of connection is mandatory. This is provided by diaphragm as shown in Fig.2 (a).

In gantry girders, even when deflection is held within limits, there is some rotation at the ends under moving crane.

Accordingly, some provision for longitudinal movement of the top flange at the ends must be made. This is usually taken care of by using bolts with slotted holes (Fig. 2(a), Fig 5.).

Fig 5. Gantry Girder I Section

Some of the types of sections used for gantry girders are shown in Fig. 3,4,5,6 . An I-Section is provided for a manually operated overhead crane (Fig. 3).

The top flange of the I-section is reinforced with a channel with its flanges turned down on the compression flange (Fig. 4) or a channel and a bracket plate are attached to the web of the I-section (Fig. 5) to increase the lateral resistance against the horizontal surge from electrically operated overhead traveling cranes as well as torsional rigidity.

If required, still heavier sections as shown in Fig. 6, may be provided.

Fig 5. Gantry Girder Havioe Section

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Load on Gantry Girder

Gantry girders are unique in themselves. First, it is different from the usual beams in buildings. It is laterally unsupported except at the columns.

Second, it is one of the very few girders in the buildings that are subjected to impact. Third, it must be analyzed for unsymmetrical bending because of lateral thrust from the starting and stopping of crab.

Fourth, it is subjected to longitudinal load due to starting and stopping of the crane bridge itself; and the fifth, these are always simply supported. These are subjected to the forces as follows.

 

1. The reaction from the crane girder, acting vertically downwards (Ref. Fig. 6).

2. The longitudinal thrust, due to the starting or stopping of a crane, acting in the longitudinal direction.

3. The lateral thrust, due to starting/stopping of the crab acting horizontally, normal to the gantry girder.

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Types of Load on Gantry Girder:

1. Vertical Loads on Gantry Girder.
2. Lateral Loads on Gantry Girder.
3. Longitudinal Loads on Gantry Girder.
4. Impact Loads on Gantry Girder.

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#1. Vertical Loads on Gantry Girder

A vertical load acting over the gantry girder is the reaction from the crane girder and consists of the self-weight of the crane, self-weight of the crab, and the crane capacity (the maximum load that can be hoisted).

To calculate the reaction the maximum wheel load is computed. It occurs when the crab is nearest to the gantry girder. In addition to the reaction from a crane girder, the self-weight of the rail should also be considered.

#2. Lateral Loads on Gantry Girder

Lateral forces on crane girders may be induced by the,

2.1. Thrust due to the sudden stopping of the crab and load when traversing the crab girders.

• As with the longitudinal gantry girders, the frictional resistance of the rail is transferred into the crab girders and from them into the crosshead girders, thence, as point loads through the main wheels, into the top or compression flanges of the gantry girders.
• The positions of the main wheels when maximum lateral bending and shear take place on the gantry girder will be the same as those when maximum vertical bending moment and shear occurs.

2.2. Crab dragging weights across the shop floor.

• The crane is often requisitioned to drag weights across the shop floor. If the load is extremely massive, it is usually mounted on roughly fashioned rollers, probably running on a timber plank track.
• The lateral thrust and pull on the compressive flanges of the gantry girders then become a matter of conjecture.
• The resisting forces are, firstly, the friction of the main wheel treads upon the gantry rails and, secondly, the forces offered by the flanges of the main wheels bearing against the gantry rails.
• The lateral thrust is assumed to act in the plane of the center of gravity of the upper flange. Acting as it does at the rail level, it has really a lever arm producing torque.
• This small lever arm and, therefore, the torque are neglected. No help is assumed to be afforded by the lower or tensile flange in resisting lateral thrust.
• However, should this help be considered, then the torque due to the thrust multiplied by the distance from the line of action of the thrust to the N.A. (n in this case)—should also be taken into consideration.

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#3. Longitudinal Loads on Gantry Girder

Longitudinal loads are caused due to the stopping or starting of the crane girders and produce a thrust along the rails.

The largest of these, especially in quick-acting electric overhead traveling cranes, is due to the sudden application of the brakes.

The frictional resistance to the sliding of the locked wheels upon the rails is supplied by the crane girder. This element in turn distributes it amongst all the crane column shafts.

The lateral and longitudinal thrusts are transferred at the rail level. Therefore, gantry girders are also subjected to bending moments due to these loads.

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#4. Impact Loads on Gantry Girder

The stresses produced in gantry girders due to the above loads are more than those caused by gradually applied loads.

This is due to the forces set up by the sudden application of brakes to the rapidly moving loaded cranes acceleration, retardation, vibration, possible slip of slings, etc.

The steelwork which carries these quick-acting cranes must be heavier than the steelwork which supports slow-moving cranes.

With quick-acting electric overhead traveling (E.O.T) cranes, the stresses in the gantry girders are produced almost instantaneously, whereas with slow-moving hand-operated cranes, the bending stresses in the girder are induced gradually from zero up to their maximum values, as the cranes traverse the girder from the end towards the center.

Types of Load	Additional Load
(a) Vertical forces transferred to the rails
i. For electric operated cranes	25 % of maximum static wheel load
ii. For hand-operated cranes	10 % of the maximum static wheel load
(b) Horizontal forces are transverse to the rails.
i. For electric operated cranes	10 % of the weight of the crab and the weight lifted on the crane.
ii. For hand-operated cranes	5 % of the weight of the crab and the weight lifted on the crane.
(C) Horizontal forces along the rails	5 % of the static wheel load

Additional Loads for Structures Subjected to Impact Load

To account for this, suitable impact factors are introduced as and when applicable. As per I.S: 875-1964, additional loads as listed in the above table should be considered when structures are subjected to impact loads in addition to live loads.

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