Concrete density lb/in³
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{"@type":"Question","name":"What is concrete density in lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Concrete density in lb/in³ (pounds per cubic inch) is the mass of concrete per unit volume. Typical normal‑weight concrete is 0.086–0.087 lb/in³ (≈150 lb/ft³). Lightweight: 0.036–0.065; heavyweight: 0.12–0.15."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to convert lb/ft³ to lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Divide lb/ft³ by 1,728 (since 1 ft³ = 12³ = 1,728 in³). Example: 150 lb/ft³ ÷ 1728 = 0.0868 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is normal weight concrete density in lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Normal weight concrete (with gravel/sand aggregates) typically ranges from 0.081 to 0.090 lb/in³, with 0.0868 lb/in³ (150 lb/ft³) as the common design value."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is lightweight concrete density in lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Lightweight concrete (using expanded shale, clay, slate, or slag) ranges from 0.036 to 0.065 lb/in³ (60–110 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is high‑density concrete in lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"High‑density concrete (with barite, magnetite, hematite, or steel aggregates) ranges from 0.12 to 0.15 lb/in³ (200–260 lb/ft³). For special shielding, up to 0.17 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How do I calculate concrete density from a cylinder test?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Weigh the cylinder in pounds. Measure its volume in cubic inches (V = π × r² × h). Divide weight by volume. Example: 6″×12″ cylinder (V=339.3 in³) weighs 29.5 lb → density = 29.5/339.3 = 0.0869 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of reinforced concrete in lb/in³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Reinforced concrete has slightly higher density due to steel (0.283 lb/in³). For typical reinforcement ratios (1–2%), overall density increases by 0.002–0.005 lb/in³; often assumed 0.087–0.09 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to convert lb/in³ to kg/m³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Multiply lb/in³ by 27,680 (since 1 lb/in³ = 27,680 kg/m³). For 0.0868 lb/in³ → 0.0868 × 27680 ≈ 2,403 kg/m³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete in g/cm³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Divide lb/in³ by 0.03613. Normal concrete ~0.0868 lb/in³ ÷ 0.03613 ≈ 2.4 g/cm³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How does air entrainment affect density?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Air entrainment reduces density by about 0.002–0.006 lb/in³ (3–10 lb/ft³) for typical air contents of 4–8%."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"Does moisture change concrete density?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes. Saturated concrete can be 0.002–0.005 lb/in³ heavier than oven‑dry due to absorbed water. Fresh concrete also includes mix water."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of pervious concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Pervious concrete has 15–25% voids, so density is lower: 0.058–0.069 lb/in³ (100–120 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to measure concrete density per ASTM C138?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Use a container of known volume (usually 0.25 ft³ or 0.5 ft³). Weigh empty, fill with concrete, rod or vibrate, strike off, weigh full. Density = (net weight) / volume. Convert to lb/in³ by dividing by 1728."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the theoretical maximum density of concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"With pure steel aggregate, density can reach 0.17–0.18 lb/in³ (300 lb/ft³). Using lead aggregates (rare) could be higher, but not practical."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to calculate concrete density from mix design?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Sum the weights of all ingredients (cement, water, aggregates) per unit volume. For absolute volume method: divide total weight by total absolute volume (including air)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with barite?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Barite (barium sulfate) concrete has density 0.12–0.14 lb/in³ (200–240 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of magnetite concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Magnetite (iron oxide) concrete: 0.13–0.15 lb/in³ (220–260 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of hematite concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Hematite concrete: similar to magnetite, 0.13–0.15 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of steel‑punching concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Using steel shot or punchings, density can reach 0.15–0.17 lb/in³ (260–290 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How does aggregate specific gravity affect concrete density?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Aggregate specific gravity (SG) directly influences density: concrete density ≈ (total weight) / (total volume). Higher SG aggregates yield higher density. Typical SG: gravel 2.6, barite 4.2, magnetite 4.9–5.2."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with expanded shale?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Expanded shale lightweight aggregate gives concrete density 0.052–0.066 lb/in³ (90–115 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with perlite?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Perlite insulating concrete can be as low as 0.017–0.035 lb/in³ (30–60 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with vermiculite?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Vermiculite concrete: 0.017–0.035 lb/in³ (similar to perlite)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of no‑fines concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"No‑fines concrete (coarse aggregate only) has density 0.058–0.075 lb/in³ (100–130 lb/ft³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to convert lb/in³ to lb/yd³?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Multiply lb/in³ by 46,656 (since 1 yd³ = 36³ = 46,656 in³). 0.0868 × 46656 = 4,050 lb/yd³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete for counterweights?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Typically high‑density concrete 0.12–0.15 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete for radiation shielding?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Usually 0.12–0.15 lb/in³; often specified as 235–250 lb/ft³ (0.136–0.145 lb/in³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to calculate concrete density using a water displacement method?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Weigh a concrete sample in air, then suspend it in water and measure apparent weight. Density = (weight in air) / (weight in air – weight in water) × density of water (in consistent units)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with limestone aggregate?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Limestone concrete: typical normal weight, 0.086–0.087 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with granite aggregate?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Granite aggregate: also normal weight, similar range 0.086–0.087 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"Does the density of concrete affect its thermal conductivity?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes, higher density generally increases thermal conductivity. Lightweight concrete has better insulation."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How does density relate to concrete modulus of elasticity?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Modulus of elasticity E increases with density. ACI 318 gives E = 33 × w^1.5 × √f'c (w in lb/ft³). Higher w yields higher E."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with silica fume?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Silica fume slightly increases density due to pore refinement, but effect on overall density is minor (<0.001 lb/in³)."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to find density of hardened concrete per ASTM C642?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"ASTM C642 measures oven‑dry mass, saturated mass, and suspended mass to compute absorption, volume, and density."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the typical density range for structural lightweight concrete?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"90–115 lb/ft³ → 0.052–0.0665 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with recycled aggregates?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) concrete typically has density similar to normal weight but may be slightly lower due to adhered mortar: 0.08–0.086 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"Can concrete density be too low?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Very low density (<0.036 lb/in³) may indicate high porosity, leading to low strength and durability issues, except when used for insulation."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete for tilt‑up panels?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Usually normal weight, 0.086–0.087 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to correct concrete density for moisture?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"If density is measured at a known moisture condition, subtract the mass of water above oven‑dry to get dry density. Use ASTM C642."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with fly ash?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Fly ash has similar specific gravity to cement (2.2–2.8), so density change is minimal."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete for bridge decks?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Often normal weight or lightweight (to reduce dead load). Normal: 0.0868 lb/in³; lightweight: 0.058–0.066 lb/in³."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"How to measure fresh concrete density on site quickly?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Use a density cup (1 liter or 0.25 ft³), weigh it empty, fill with concrete, rod 25 times, tap sides, strike off, weigh full. Compute density = (net weight)/volume."}},
{"@type":"Question","name":"What is the density of concrete with polypropylene fibers?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Fiber volume is low (<1%), so density change is negligible."}}
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<h1>🧊 Concrete density lb/in³:
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<div class="density-cube"><span>0.036 lb/in³</span></div>
<div class="density-cube"><span>0.087 lb/in³</span></div>
<div class="density-cube"><span>0.140 lb/in³</span></div>
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<div class="live-meter" id="liveDensity">⚖️ 0.0868 lb/in³</div>
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<!-- INTRODUCTION (expansive) -->
<p><strong>Concrete density in lb/in³</strong> (pounds per cubic inch) is a core material property that drives structural design, material selection, cost estimation, and performance evaluation. From lightweight insulating concrete to heavyweight radiation shielding, understanding density in these imperial units is essential for engineers, contractors, and students. This guide provides <strong>exhaustive detail</strong>: definitions, conversion methods, comprehensive tables for all concrete types, theoretical and experimental calculation, factors affecting density, measurement standards (ASTM), relationships with strength and modulus, advantages/disadvantages, and over 40 frequently asked questions with precise answers.</p>
<!-- 1. DEFINITION & UNITS -->
<h2>🔷 What is concrete density in lb/in³?</h2>
<p><strong>Concrete density</strong> is the mass per unit volume, expressed here in <strong>pounds per cubic inch (lb/in³)</strong>. It is a function of the constituent materials and their proportions. In the US customary system, density is often given in <strong>lb/ft³</strong>; to convert to lb/in³, divide by 1,728 (since 1 ft³ = 12³ = 1,728 in³). For example, the widely accepted design value for normal weight concrete is <strong>150 lb/ft³ = 0.0868 lb/in³</strong>.</p>
<!-- 2. TYPICAL DENSITY VALUES (EXTENSIVE TABLE) -->
<h2>📊 Concrete density lb/in³ – comprehensive reference table</h2>
<p>The table below lists densities for various concrete types, aggregates, and special mixes. Values are approximate and depend on exact mix proportions.</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Concrete type / aggregate</th><th>Density (lb/ft³)</th><th>Density (lb/in³)</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><strong>Ultra‑lightweight (perlite, vermiculite)</strong></td><td>20–60</td><td>0.0116–0.0347</td><td>Insulating fills, roof decks</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Lightweight structural (expanded shale/clay/slate)</strong></td><td>90–115</td><td>0.0521–0.0666</td><td>High‑rise floors, bridge decks</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Lightweight masonry (block fill)</strong></td><td>100–120</td><td>0.0579–0.0694</td><td>CMU grout</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Normal weight (gravel, crushed stone)</strong></td><td>140–155</td><td>0.0810–0.0897</td><td>General construction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Normal weight (limestone)</strong></td><td>145–150</td><td>0.0839–0.0868</td><td>Common in many regions</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Normal weight (granite)</strong></td><td>150–155</td><td>0.0868–0.0897</td><td>Slightly higher</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Standard design value (ACI)</strong></td><td>150</td><td>0.0868</td><td>Assumed for dead load</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>High‑density (barite)</strong></td><td>200–240</td><td>0.1157–0.1389</td><td>Radiation shielding</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>High‑density (magnetite)</strong></td><td>220–260</td><td>0.1273–0.1505</td><td>Heavyweight concrete</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>High‑density (hematite)</strong></td><td>220–260</td><td>0.1273–0.1505</td><td>Similar to magnetite</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Steel‑punching aggregate</strong></td><td>260–300</td><td>0.1505–0.1736</td><td>Extreme shielding</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Pervious (no‑fines)</strong></td><td>100–130</td><td>0.0579–0.0752</td><td>Voids for drainage</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Fiber‑reinforced (typical)</strong></td><td>145–155</td><td>0.0839–0.0897</td><td>Negligible change</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Recycled aggregate concrete</strong></td><td>135–150</td><td>0.0781–0.0868</td><td>Slightly lower due to old mortar</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- 3. WHY DENSITY MATTERS (EXPANDED) -->
<h2>⚖️ Why concrete density in lb/in³ is critical</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Structural dead load:</strong> Every cubic inch contributes to weight; accurate density ensures safe foundation and member sizing.</li>
<li><strong>Material estimation & cost:</strong> Convert volume to weight for ordering, transportation, and budgeting.</li>
<li><strong>Radiation shielding:</strong> Higher density means better attenuation of gamma rays and neutrons.</li>
<li><strong>Thermal & acoustic insulation:</strong> Lower density provides better insulation; lightweight concrete is often specified.</li>
<li><strong>Mix design verification:</strong> Measured density confirms correct proportions and aggregate selection.</li>
<li><strong>Modulus of elasticity:</strong> Density is a key input in empirical formulas for E (e.g., ACI 318).</li>
<li><strong>Fire resistance:</strong> Denser concrete generally has higher heat capacity and fire resistance.</li>
</ul>
<!-- 4. HOW TO CALCULATE CONCRETE DENSITY -->
<h2>🧮 How to calculate concrete density in lb/in³ (5 methods)</h2>
<h3>Method 1 – From known lb/ft³</h3>
<p><span class="formula">lb/in³ = lb/ft³ ÷ 1728</span></p>
<h3>Method 2 – Direct measurement of a cylinder/cube</h3>
<ol>
<li>Cast a cylinder (e.g., 6″×12″) or cube.</li>
<li>After curing, measure dimensions (inches) and calculate volume: cylinder V = π × r² × h; cube V = side³.</li>
<li>Weigh in pounds (use a scale accurate to 0.1 lb).</li>
<li>Density = weight / volume.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Method 3 – Using ASTM C138 (fresh concrete density)</h3>
<p>Use a container of known volume (usually 0.25 ft³ or 0.5 ft³). Weigh empty, fill with concrete in three layers, rod each layer 25 times, tap sides, strike off, weigh full. Density = (net weight) / container volume (ft³). Convert to lb/in³ by dividing by 1728.</p>
<h3>Method 4 – From mix design (absolute volume method)</h3>
<p>Sum the weights of cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and any admixtures. Divide by the total absolute volume (including air) to get fresh density. The absolute volume = sum of (weight / specific gravity × density of water) in consistent units.</p>
<h3>Method 5 – Water displacement (ASTM C642 for hardened concrete)</h3>
<p>Weigh a sample in air, then suspend in water and weigh submerged. Density = (dry weight) × (density of water) / (dry weight – submerged weight). Works for irregular shapes.</p>
<div class="info-box">
<p><span class="highlight">Example – Cylinder method:</span> A 6″×12″ cylinder has volume = π × 3² × 12 = 339.29 in³. Weight = 29.5 lb. Density = 29.5 / 339.29 = <strong>0.0869 lb/in³</strong>.</p>
</div>
<!-- 5. FACTORS INFLUENCING DENSITY (20+ factors) -->
<h2>🔬 20+ factors affecting concrete density</h2>
<ul style="columns: 2; column-gap: 3rem;">
<li><strong>Aggregate specific gravity</strong> – primary control.</li>
<li><strong>Aggregate gradation</strong> – affects packing.</li>
<li><strong>Water‑cement ratio</strong> – influences porosity.</li>
<li><strong>Air entrainment</strong> – reduces density.</li>
<li><strong>Cement content</strong> – moderate effect.</li>
<li><strong>Admixtures</strong> (chemical) – minor.</li>
<li><strong>Compaction/consolidation</strong> – reduces voids.</li>
<li><strong>Moisture condition</strong> (oven‑dry, saturated).</li>
<li><strong>Age & hydration</strong> – slight change.</li>
<li><strong>Aggregate moisture absorption</strong> – affects effective density.</li>
<li><strong>Reinforcement steel</strong> – local increase.</li>
<li><strong>Temperature</strong> – thermal expansion.</li>
<li><strong>Presence of fibers</strong> – negligible.</li>
<li><strong>Type of cement</strong> (normal, rapid) – minor.</li>
<li><strong>Mineral admixtures</strong> (fly ash, slag) – similar SG.</li>
<li><strong>Porosity due to incomplete compaction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aggregate shape</strong> – angular vs rounded.</li>
<li><strong>Maximum aggregate size</strong> – affects packing.</li>
<li><strong>Entrapped air vs entrained air.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Presence of lightweight particles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Chemical reactions (ASR, etc.)</strong> – minor.</li>
</ul>
<!-- 6. CONVERSION TABLES (lb/in³ to other units) -->
<h2>📐 Conversion: lb/in³ to other common units</h2>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>From lb/in³</th><th>Multiply by</th><th>To get</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>1 lb/in³</td><td>1,728</td><td>lb/ft³</td></tr>
<tr><td>1 lb/in³</td><td>46,656</td><td>lb/yd³</td></tr>
<tr><td>1 lb/in³</td><td>27,680</td><td>kg/m³</td></tr>
<tr><td>1 lb/in³</td><td>27.68</td><td>g/cm³ (since 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³)</td></tr>
<tr><td>0.0868 lb/in³</td><td>–</td><td>2,403 kg/m³ (typical normal)</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- 7. MEASUREMENT STANDARDS -->
<h2>📏 Standard test methods for concrete density</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>ASTM C138 / C138M:</strong> Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete – for fresh concrete.</li>
<li><strong>ASTM C642:</strong> Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete – uses oven‑drying and immersion.</li>
<li><strong>ASTM C567:</strong> Standard Test Method for Determining Density of Structural Lightweight Concrete.</li>
<li><strong>AASHTO T 121:</strong> similar to ASTM C138.</li>
</ul>
<!-- 8. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES BY DENSITY RANGE -->
<h2>✅ Pros & cons of different concrete densities</h2>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Density range (lb/in³)</th><th>Advantages</th><th>Disadvantages</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>0.036–0.065 (lightweight)</td><td>Reduced dead load, better insulation, easier handling</td><td>Lower strength, higher cost, more brittle</td></tr>
<tr><td>0.081–0.090 (normal)</td><td>Versatile, good strength, widely available, economical</td><td>Heavy, requires stronger foundations for tall buildings</td></tr>
<tr><td>0.12–0.15 (heavyweight)</td><td>Excellent radiation shielding, high mass for counterweights</td><td>Expensive, difficult to mix/place, heavy formwork</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- 9. SAFETY AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS -->
<h2>🛡️ Is it safe to use concrete with different densities?</h2>
<p>Yes, but only if the structural design accounts for the actual density. Using lightweight concrete where normal weight was assumed could lead to insufficient dead load for stability (e.g., against wind uplift). Using heavyweight concrete without adjusting foundation design may overload supports. Always verify that the specified density matches structural calculations. Density also influences seismic mass, so it's critical in earthquake design.</p>
<!-- 10. APPLICATIONS (detailed) -->
<h2>🏗️ Applications by density</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Lightweight (0.036–0.066 lb/in³):</strong> high‑rise floor slabs, floating structures, bridge decks, insulating screeds, roof tiles, fireproofing.</li>
<li><strong>Normal weight (0.081–0.090 lb/in³):</strong> foundations, columns, beams, pavements, precast elements, residential construction.</li>
<li><strong>High‑density (0.12–0.15 lb/in³):</strong> hospital radiotherapy rooms, nuclear reactor shielding, laboratory bunkers, counterweights for cranes and elevators, ballast.</li>
</ul>
<!-- 11. MEGA FAQ – 40+ questions -->
<h2>❓ The ultimate FAQ: concrete density in lb/in³</h2>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">1. What is concrete density in lb/in³?</div><div class="faq-a">Normal weight: 0.086–0.087; lightweight: 0.036–0.065; heavyweight: 0.12–0.15.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">2. How to convert lb/ft³ to lb/in³?</div><div class="faq-a">Divide by 1728. Example: 150/1728 = 0.0868.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">3. How much does 1 cubic inch of concrete weigh?</div><div class="faq-a">Approximately 0.0868 lb (1.39 oz) for normal concrete.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">4. What is lightweight concrete density?</div><div class="faq-a">0.036–0.065 lb/in³ (60–115 lb/ft³).</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">5. What is high‑density concrete used for?</div><div class="faq-a">Radiation shielding, counterweights, ballast.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">6. How to calculate density from a 6×12 cylinder?</div><div class="faq-a">Volume = 339.3 in³. Weight (lb) / 339.3 = density.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">7. What is the density of reinforced concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">Typically 0.087–0.090 lb/in³, depending on steel %.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">8. How does air entrainment affect density?</div><div class="faq-a">Reduces by 0.002–0.006 lb/in³ per 1% air.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">9. What is the density of pervious concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">0.058–0.069 lb/in³ (100–120 lb/ft³).</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">10. How to measure fresh concrete density on site?</div><div class="faq-a">Use a density cup (ASTM C138). Weigh known volume.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">11. What is the density of concrete with barite?</div><div class="faq-a">0.12–0.14 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">12. What is the density of magnetite concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">0.13–0.15 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">13. What is the density of steel‑aggregate concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">0.15–0.17 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">14. How to convert lb/in³ to kg/m³?</div><div class="faq-a">Multiply by 27,680.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">15. How to convert lb/in³ to g/cm³?</div><div class="faq-a">Divide by 0.03613.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">16. What is the density of concrete with expanded shale?</div><div class="faq-a">0.052–0.066 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">17. What is the density of concrete with perlite?</div><div class="faq-a">As low as 0.017–0.035 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">18. Does moisture affect density?</div><div class="faq-a">Yes, saturated concrete is 0.002–0.005 lb/in³ heavier.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">19. How to find oven‑dry density per ASTM C642?</div><div class="faq-a">Dry sample to constant mass, weigh, then immerse to get volume.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">20. What is the density of concrete with limestone?</div><div class="faq-a">0.086–0.087 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">21. What is the density of concrete with granite?</div><div class="faq-a">0.086–0.089 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">22. What is the density of concrete with recycled aggregates?</div><div class="faq-a">0.08–0.086 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">23. How does aggregate specific gravity affect density?</div><div class="faq-a">Directly proportional; higher SG = higher density.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">24. What is the standard design density per ACI?</div><div class="faq-a">150 lb/ft³ = 0.0868 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">25. Can concrete density be too low?</div><div class="faq-a">Below 0.036 lb/in³ may indicate excessive porosity, low strength.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">26. What is the density of no‑fines concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">0.058–0.075 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">27. How to correct density for moisture?</div><div class="faq-a">Subtract mass of water above dry condition using ASTM C642.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">28. What is the density of concrete with fly ash?</div><div class="faq-a">Similar to normal, minor change.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">29. What is the density of concrete for bridge decks?</div><div class="faq-a">Often lightweight 0.058–0.066 or normal 0.0868 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">30. How does temperature affect density?</div><div class="faq-a">Thermal expansion slightly decreases density, but negligible.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">31. What is the density of concrete with polypropylene fibers?</div><div class="faq-a">Essentially unchanged.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">32. How to calculate density from a mix design?</div><div class="faq-a">Sum weights, divide by absolute volume.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">33. What is the density of concrete for counterweights?</div><div class="faq-a">High‑density: 0.12–0.15 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">34. What is the density of concrete for radiation shielding?</div><div class="faq-a">Usually 0.12–0.15 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">35. What is the density of concrete with hematite?</div><div class="faq-a">0.13–0.15 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">36. What is the density of concrete with ilmenite?</div><div class="faq-a">Similar to magnetite: 0.13–0.15.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">37. How to convert lb/in³ to lb/yd³?</div><div class="faq-a">Multiply by 46,656.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">38. What is the density of structural lightweight concrete?</div><div class="faq-a">90–115 lb/ft³ → 0.052–0.0665 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">39. What is the density of concrete with pumice?</div><div class="faq-a">Very lightweight: 0.035–0.058 lb/in³.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">40. How does compaction affect density?</div><div class="faq-a">Proper compaction reduces voids, increasing density up to 5%.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">41. What is the density of concrete with silica fume?</div><div class="faq-a">Negligible change; may slightly increase due to pore refinement.</div></div>
<div class="faq-card"><div class="faq-q">42. What is the density of concrete with slag cement?</div><div class="faq-a">Similar to normal, slag specific gravity ~2.85–2.94.</div></div>
<!-- 12. CONCLUSION -->
<h2>📌 Final comprehensive summary</h2>
<p><strong>Concrete density in lb/in³</strong> is not just a number—it's a gateway to understanding material behavior, structural safety, and project economics. From the featherweight <strong>0.017 lb/in³</strong> of perlite concrete to the massive <strong>0.17 lb/in³</strong> of steel‑aggregate mixes, the range is vast. Always use appropriate values from this guide, verify with tests, and consult structural engineers. Bookmark this page as your go‑to reference for all things related to concrete density in imperial units.</p>
<!-- DISCLAIMER -->
</div> <!-- end master-article -->
<!-- Live animation script for density meter -->
<script>
(function() {
const densities = [0.0360, 0.0520, 0.0660, 0.0810, 0.0868, 0.0900, 0.1150, 0.1380, 0.1500];
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C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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1027",HCLTablet:"HCL.*Tablet|Connect-3G-2.0|Connect-2G-2.0|ME Tablet U1|ME Tablet U2|ME Tablet G1|ME Tablet X1|ME Tablet Y2|ME Tablet Sync",DPSTablet:"DPS Dream 9|DPS Dual 7",VistureTablet:"V97 HD|i75 3G|Visture V4( HD)?|Visture V5( HD)?|Visture V10",CrestaTablet:"CTP(-)?810|CTP(-)?818|CTP(-)?828|CTP(-)?838|CTP(-)?888|CTP(-)?978|CTP(-)?980|CTP(-)?987|CTP(-)?988|CTP(-)?989",MediatekTablet:"\\bMT8125|MT8389|MT8135|MT8377\\b",ConcordeTablet:"Concorde([ ]+)?Tab|ConCorde ReadMan",GoCleverTablet:"GOCLEVER TAB|A7GOCLEVER|M1042|M7841|M742|R1042BK|R1041|TAB A975|TAB A7842|TAB A741|TAB A741L|TAB M723G|TAB M721|TAB A1021|TAB I921|TAB R721|TAB I720|TAB T76|TAB R70|TAB R76.2|TAB R106|TAB R83.2|TAB M813G|TAB I721|GCTA722|TAB I70|TAB I71|TAB S73|TAB R73|TAB R74|TAB R93|TAB R75|TAB R76.1|TAB A73|TAB A93|TAB A93.2|TAB T72|TAB R83|TAB R974|TAB R973|TAB A101|TAB A103|TAB A104|TAB A104.2|R105BK|M713G|A972BK|TAB A971|TAB R974.2|TAB R104|TAB R83.3|TAB A1042",ModecomTablet:"FreeTAB 9000|FreeTAB 7.4|FreeTAB 7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 3G|\\bP85t\\b|\\bP90\\b|\\bP11\\b|\\bP98t\\b|\\bP98HD\\b|\\bG18d\\b|\\bP85s\\b|\\bP11HD\\b|\\bP88s\\b|\\bA80HD\\b|\\bA80se\\b|\\bA10h\\b|\\bP89\\b|\\bP78s\\b|\\bG18\\b|\\bP85\\b|\\bA70h\\b|\\bA70\\b|\\bG17\\b|\\bP18\\b|\\bA80s\\b|\\bA11s\\b|\\bP88HD\\b|\\bA80h\\b|\\bP76s\\b|\\bP76h\\b|\\bP98\\b|\\bA10HD\\b|\\bP78\\b|\\bP88\\b|\\bA11\\b|\\bA10t\\b|\\bP76a\\b|\\bP76t\\b|\\bP76e\\b|\\bP85HD\\b|\\bP85a\\b|\\bP86\\b|\\bP75HD\\b|\\bP76v\\b|\\bA12\\b|\\bP75a\\b|\\bA15\\b|\\bP76Ti\\b|\\bP81HD\\b|\\bA10\\b|\\bT760VE\\b|\\bT720HD\\b|\\bP76\\b|\\bP73\\b|\\bP71\\b|\\bP72\\b|\\bT720SE\\b|\\bC520Ti\\b|\\bT760\\b|\\bT720VE\\b|T720-3GE|T720-WiFi",OndaTablet:"\\b(V975i|Vi30|VX530|V701|Vi60|V701s|Vi50|V801s|V719|Vx610w|VX610W|V819i|Vi10|VX580W|Vi10|V711s|V813|V811|V820w|V820|Vi20|V711|VI30W|V712|V891w|V972|V819w|V820w|Vi60|V820w|V711|V813s|V801|V819|V975s|V801|V819|V819|V818|V811|V712|V975m|V101w|V961w|V812|V818|V971|V971s|V919|V989|V116w|V102w|V973|Vi40)\\b[\\s]+|V10 \\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,
shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v 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